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Inmarsat plc (LSE: ISAT) is a British satellite telecommunications company, offering global mobile services. It provides telephone and data services to users worldwide, via portable or mobile terminals which communicate with ground stations through thirteen geostationarytelecommunications satellites.^[3] Inmarsat's network provides communications services to a range of governments, aid agencies, media outlets and businesses (especially in the shipping, airline and mining industries) with a need to communicate in remote regions or where there is no reliable terrestrial network. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange, is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

• 1History
• 6Networks
  • 6.4Global voice services
• 7New projects underway

History[edit]

Origins[edit]

The present company originates from the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), a non-profit intergovernmental organization established in 1979 at the behest of the International Maritime Organization (IMO)—the United Nations' maritime body—and pursuant to the Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization, signed by 28 countries in 1976.^[4][5] The organisation was created to establish and operate a satellite communications network for the maritime community.^[4][6] In coordination with the International Civil Aviation Organization in the 1980s, the convention governing INMARSAT was amended to include improvements to aeronautical communications, notably for public safety.^[4] The member states owned varying shares of the operational business.^[5] The main offices were originally located in the Euston Tower, Euston Road, London.^[7]

Privatisation[edit]

In the mid-1990s, many member states were unwilling to invest in improvements to INMARSAT's network, especially owing to the competitive nature of the satellite communications industry, while many recognized the need to maintain the organization's older systems and the need for an intergovernmental organization to oversee public safety aspects of satellite communication networks.^[5] In 1998, an agreement was reached to modify INMARSAT's mission as an intergovernmental organization and separate and privatize the organization's operational business, with public safety obligations attached to the sale.^[5]

In April 1999, INMARSAT was succeeded by the International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) as an intergovernmental regulatory body for satellite communications, while INMARSAT's operational unit was separated and became the UK-based company Inmarsat Ltd.^[4][8] The IMSO and Inmarsat Ltd. signed an agreement imposing public safety obligations on the new company.^[4] Inmarsat was the first international satellite organization that was privatized.^[5]

In 2005, Apax Partners and Permira bought shares in the company. The company was also first listed on the London Stock Exchange in that year.^[9] In March 2008, it was disclosed that U.S. hedge fundHarbinger Capital owned 28% of the company.^[10] In 2009, Inmarsat completed the acquisition of satellite communications provider Stratos Global Corporation (Stratos)^[11] and acquired a 19-percent stake in SkyWave Mobile Communications Inc., a provider of Inmarsat D+/IsatM2M network services which in turn purchased the GlobalWave business from TransCore.^[12] Inmarsat won the 2010 MacRobert Award for its Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN) service.^[13][14]

Inmarsat at first provided services using Marisat^[15] and MARECS,^[16] which were launched by the US Navy and ESA respectively. In the early 1990s Inmarsat launched its first dedicated satellite constellation, Inmarsat-2. These satellites provided the Inmarsat-A service for maritime uses.^[17] Between 1996 and 1998 Inmarsat's second constellation, Inmarsat-3, was launched. Consisting of 5 geostationary L-band satellites the constellation provides the Inmarsat-B and Inmarsat-C services, primarily providing low bandwidth communications and safety services for global shipping.^[18] Following privatization in 1999 Inmarsat developed and launched the first satellite communications system offering global coverage, BGAN.^[19] This service was provided initially through the three Inmarsat-4 satellite launched between 2005 and 2008, and was then extended with the addition of Alphasat in 2013.^[20] In the 2010s Inmarsat began development of the High Throughput Satellite (HTS) constellation Global Xpress, operating in the K_a band portion of the spectrum. Global Xpress, launched in 2015, offers global satellite capacity to various markets including shipping and aviation. Global Xpress also marks a significant expansion of Inmarsat's commercial operations in the aviation markets.^[21][22] In 2017 Inmarsat launched its first S-band satellite, intended to provide (in association with an LTE ground network) inflight internet access across Europe.^[23] In March 2018, Inmarsat partnered with Isotropic Systems to develop a state-of-the-art, all electronic scanning antenna intended to be used with the Global Xpress network.^[24]

On 20 September 2018, Inmarsat announced its strategic collaboration with Panasonic Avionics Corporation for an initial ten-year period, to provide in-flight broadband for commercial airlines. Inmarsat will be the exclusive provider of Panasonic for connectivity using the Ka-band satellite signal.^[25] Inmarsat will now be offering Panasonic's portfolio of services to its commercial aviation customers.^[26]

Malaysia Airlines Flight 370[edit]

In March 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappeared with 239 passengers and crew en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing. After turning away from its planned path and disappearing from radar coverage, the aircraft's satellite data unit remained in contact with Inmarsat's ground station in Perth via the IOR satellite (Indian Ocean Region, 64° East). The aircraft used Inmarsat's Classic Aero service, which does not provide explicit information about the aircraft's location. Analysis of these communications by Inmarsat and independently by other agencies determined that the aircraft flew into the southern Indian Ocean and was used to guide the search for the aircraft.^[27][28]

Takeover offer[edit]

In March 2019 the company's board agreed to recommend a takeover offer of $3.4 billion from Apax Partners, Warburg Pincus, the CPP Investment Board and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan.^[29]

Operations[edit]

The Inmarsat head office is at Old Street Roundabout in the London Borough of Islington.^[30] Aside from its commercial services, Inmarsat provides global maritime distress and safety services (GMDSS) to ships and aircraft at no charge, as a public service.^[31]

Services include traditional voice calls, low-level data tracking systems, and high-speed Internet and other data services as well as distress and safety services. The BGAN network provides GPRS-type services at up to 800 kbit/s via an IP satellite modem the size of a notebook computer,^[32] while the Global Xpress network offers up to 50 Mbit/s via antennas as small as 60 cm.^[33] Other services provide mobile Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) services used by the media for live reporting on world events via videophone,^[34] and inflight Internet access via the European Aviation Network.^[23]

The price of a call via Inmarsat has now dropped to a level where they are comparable to, and in many cases lower than, international roaming costs, or hotel phone calls. Voice call charges are the same for any location in the world where the service is used. Tariffs for calls to Inmarsat country codes vary, depending on the country in which they are placed. Inmarsat primarily uses country code 870 (see below).^[35] Newer Inmarsat services use an IP technology that features an always-on capability where the users are only charged for the amount of data they send and receive, rather than the length of time they are connected.^[36] In addition to its own satellites, Inmarsat has a collaboration agreement with ACeS regarding handheld voice services.^[37]

Coverage[edit]

There are three types of coverage related to each Inmarsat I-4 satellite.^[38]

Global beam coverage

Each satellite is equipped with a single global beam that covers up to one-third of the Earth's surface, apart from the poles. Overall, global beam coverage extends from latitudes of −82 to +82 degrees regardless of longitude.

Regional spot beam coverage

Each regional beam covers a fraction of the area covered by a global beam, but collectively all of the regional beams offer virtually the same coverage as the global beams. Use of regional beams allow user terminals (also called mobile earth stations) to operate with significantly smaller antennas. Regional beams were introduced with the I-3 satellites. Each I-3 satellite provides four to six spot beams; each I-4 satellite provides 19 regional beams.

Narrow spot beam coverage

Narrow beams are offered by the three Inmarsat-4 satellites. Narrow beams vary in size, tend to be several hundred kilometers across. The narrow beams, while much smaller than the global or regional beams, are far more numerous and hence offer the same global coverage. Narrow spot beams allow yet smaller antennas and much higher data rates. They form the backbone of Inmarsat's handheld (GSPS) and broadband services (BGAN). This coverage was introduced with the I-4 satellites. Each I-4 satellite provides around 200 narrow spot beams.

Global Xpress (I-5)

The Inmarsat I-5 satellites provide global coverage using four geostationary satellites.^[39] Each satellite supports 89 beams, giving a total coverage of approximately one-third of the Earth's surface per satellite. In addition, 6 steerable beams are available per satellite, which may be moved to provide higher capacity to selected locations.^[40]

Satellites[edit]

Country codes[edit]

The permanent telephone country code for calling Inmarsat destinations is:^[35]

• 870 SNAC (Single Network Access Code)

The 870 number is an automatic locator; it is not necessary to know to which satellite the destination Inmarsat terminal is logged-in. SNAC is now usable by all Inmarsat services.

Country codes phased out on 31 December 2008 were

• 871 Atlantic Ocean Region – East (AOR-E)
• 872 Pacific Ocean Region (POR)
• 873 Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
• 874 Atlantic Ocean Region – West (AOR-W)

Networks[edit]

Inmarsat has developed a series of networks providing certain sets of services (most networks support multiple services). They are grouped into two sets, existing and evolved services, and advanced services. Existing and evolved services are offered through land earth stations which are not owned nor operated by Inmarsat, but through companies which have a commercial agreement with Inmarsat. Advanced services are provided via distribution partners but the satellite gateways are owned and operated by Inmarsat directly.

High Throughput Services[edit]

• Global Xpress: Since 2015 Inmarsat has offered high throughput services through the Global Xpress network. This service provides an IP based global service of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 5 Mbit/s uplink. Services are provided for maritime, aviation, government and enterprise markets.^[55] Global Xpress is supported by the existing BGAN L-band network, and services are offered using a combination of the two networks to increase availability and reliability.^[56] In March 2018, Inmarsat partnered with Isotropic Systems to develop all-electronic scanning antenna intended to be used with the Global Xpress network.^[24]
• European Aviation Network: Inmarsat is also planning to offer aviation services through the European Aviation Network, developed in partnership with Deutsche Telekom. The European Aviation Network uses a ground-based LTE network and an Inmarsat S-band satellite to provide 50Gbit/s capacity to aircraft in European airspace. The project faces a number of legal and regulatory challenges.^[57] In March 2018, Inmarsat stated that commercial service would begin in 2018.^[58]

Advanced services[edit]

The 'BGAN Family' is a set of IP-based shared-carrier services, as follows:^[59]

• BGAN: Broadband Global Area Network for use on land. BGAN uses the I-4 satellites to offer a shared-channel IP packet-switched service of up to 800 kbit/s (uplink and downlink speeds may differ and depend on terminal model) and a streaming-IP service from 32 kbit/s up to X-Stream data rate (services depend on terminal model). Most terminals also offer circuit-switched Mobile ISDN services at 64 kbit/s and even low speed (4.8 kbit/s) voice etc. services. BGAN service is available globally on all I4 satellites.
• FleetBroadband (FB): A maritime service, FleetBroadband is based on BGAN technology, offering similar services and using the same infrastructure as BGAN. A range of Fleet Broadband user terminals are available, designed for fitting on ships.
• SwiftBroadband (SB): An aeronautical service, SwiftBroadband is based on BGAN technology and offers similar services. SB terminals are specifically designed for use aboard commercial, private, and military aircraft.

M2M communications[edit]

The 'BGAN M2M Family' is a set of IP-based services designed for long-term machine-to-machine management of fixed assets, as follows:^[60]

• BGAN M2M: Which was launched at the beginning of January 2012, will deliver a global, IP-based low-data rate service, for users needing high levels of data availability and performance in permanently unmanned environments. Ideally suited for high-frequency, very low-latency data reporting, BGAN M2M will prove extremely attractive for monitoring fixed assets such as pipelines and oil well heads, or backhauling electricity consumption data within a utility.
• IsatM2M: IsatM2M is a global, short burst data, store and forward service that will deliver messages of 10.5 or 25.5 bytes in the send direction, to 100 bytes in the receive direction. The service is delivered to market via two partners - SkyWave Mobile Communications and Honeywell Global Tracking.
• IsatData Pro: IsatData Pro is a global satellite data service designed for two-way text and data communications with remote assets and has the capability to exchange large amounts of data quickly (To mobile: 10kBytes / From mobile: 6.4kBytes with typical delivery time at 15 sec.) This service is used in mission-critical applications and is used in everything from managing trucks, fishing vessels and oil & gas and heavy equipment, to text message remote workers and security applications. It is provided by SkyWave Mobile Communications Inc, now part of Orbcomm.

Global voice services[edit]

The company offers portable and fixed phone services as follows:^[61]

• IsatPhone 2: IsatPhone 2 is Inmarsat's own-designed and manufactured robust mobile satellite phone, offering clear voice telephony. It also comes with a variety of data capabilities, including SMS, short message emailing and GPS look-up-and-send, as well as supporting a data service of up to 20kbit/s.^[62]
• IsatPhone Link: IsatPhone Link is a low-cost, fixed, global satellite phone service. It provides essential voice connectivity for those working or living in areas without cellular coverage and also comes with a variety of data capabilities.
• FleetPhone: Inmarsat's FleetPhone service is a fixed phone service ideal for use on smaller vessels where voice communications is the primary requirement or on vessels where additional voice lines are needed. It provides a low-cost, global satellite phone service option for those working or sailing outside cellular coverage.

Existing and evolved services[edit]

They are based on older technologies, as follows:^[63]

• Aeronautical (Classic Aero): provides analog voice/fax/data services for aircraft. Three levels of terminals, Aero-L (Low Gain Antenna) primarily for packet data including ACARS and ADS, Aero-H (High Gain Antenna) for medium quality voice and fax/data at up to 9600 bit/s, and Aero-I (Intermediate Gain Antenna) for low quality voice and fax/data at up to 2400 bit/s. Note, there are also aircraft rated versions of Inmarsat-C and mini-M/M4. The aircraft version of GAN is called Swift 64 (see below).
• Inmarsat-B: service was retired on 30 December 2016.^[64] It provided digital voice services, telex services, medium speed fax/data services at 9.6 kbit/s and high speed data services at 56, 64 or 128 kbit/s. There was also a 'leased' mode for Inmarsat-B available on the spare Inmarsat satellites.
• Inmarsat-C: effectively this is a 'satellite telex' terminal with low-speed all-digital (transmission bit rate 1200bit/s and information bit rate of 600 bit/s) store-and-forward, polling etc. capabilities. Certain models of Inmarsat-C terminals are also approved for usage in the GMDSS system, equipped with GPS.
• Inmarsat-M: provides voice services at 4.8 kbit/s and medium speed fax/data services at 2.4 kbit/s. It paved the way towards Inmarsat-Mini-M. Service has been closed.
• Mini-M: provides voice services at 4.8 kbit/s and medium speed fax/data services at 2.4 kbit/s. One 2.4kbit/s channel takes up 4.8kbit/s on the satellite. Service was closed early January 2017
• GAN (Global Area Network): provides a selection of low speed services like voice at 4.8 kbit/s, fax & data at 2.4 kbit/s, ISDN like services at 64 kbit/s (called Mobile ISDN) and shared-channel IP packet-switched data services at 64 kbit/s (called Mobile Packet Data Service or MPDS, formerly Inmarsat Packet Data Service – IPDS). GAN is also known as 'M4'. Service was closed early in January 2017.
• Fleet: actually a family of networks that includes the Inmarsat-Fleet77, Inmarsat-Fleet55 and Inmarsat-Fleet33 members (The numbers 77, 55 and 33 come from the diameter of the antenna in centimeters). Much like GAN, it provides a selection of low speed services like voice at 4.8 kbit/s, fax/data at 2.4 kbit/s, medium speed services like fax/data at 9.6 kbit/s, ISDN like services at 64 kbit/s (called Mobile ISDN) and shared-channel IP packet-switched data services at 64 kbit/s (called Mobile Packet Data Service or MPDS - see below). However, not all these services are available with all members of the family. The latest service to be supported is Mobile ISDN at 128 kbit/s on Inmarsat-Fleet77 terminals.
• Swift 64: Similar to GAN, providing voice, low rate fax/data, 64kbit/s ISDN, and MPDS services, for private, business, and commercial aircraft. Swift 64 is often sold in a multi-channel version, to support several times 64kbit/s.
• Inmarsat D/D+/IsatM2M: Inmarsat's version of a pager, although much larger than terrestrial versions. Some units are equipped with GPS. The original Inmarsat-D terminals were one-way (to mobile) pagers. The newer Inmarsat-D+ terminals are the equivalent of a two-way pager. The main use of this technology nowadays is in tracking trucks and buoys and SCADA applications.
• MPDS (Mobile Packet Data Service): Previously known as IPDS, this is an IP-based data service in which several users share a 64kbit/s carrier in a manner similar to ADSL. MPDS-specific terminals are not sold; rather, this is a service which comes with most terminals that are designed for GAN, Fleet, and Swift64.
• IsatPhone: provides voice services at 4.8 kbit/s and medium speed fax/data services at 2.4 kbit/s. This service emerged from a collaboration agreement with ACeS, and is available in the EMEA and APAC satellite regions. Coverage is available in Africa, the Middle-East, Asia, and Europe, as well as in maritime areas of the EMEA and APAC coverage.

New projects underway[edit]

European Aviation Network[edit]

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On 30 June 2008, the European Parliament and the Council adopted the European's Decision to establish a single selection and authorisation process (ESAP – European S-band Application Process) to ensure a coordinated introduction of mobile satellite services (MSS) in Europe. The selection process was launched in August 2008 and attracted four applications by prospective operators (ICO, Inmarsat, Solaris Mobile (now EchoStar Mobile), TerreStar).^[65][66]

In May 2009, the European Commission selected two operators, Inmarsat Ventures and Solaris Mobile, giving these operators 'the right to use the specific radio frequencies identified in the Commission's decision and the right to operate their respective mobile satellite systems'. EU Member States now have to ensure that the two operators have the right to use the specific radio frequencies identified in the Commission's decision and the right to operate their respective mobile satellite systems for 18 years from the selection decision. The operators are compelled to start operations within 24 months (May 2011) from the selection decision.^{[67][68][69][70]}

Inmarsat's S-band satellite programme will deliver mobile multimedia broadcast, mobile two-way broadband telecommunications and next-generation MSS services across all member states of the European Union and as far east as Moscow and Ankara by means of a hybrid satellite/terrestrial network. It was built by Thales Alenia Space and launched in 2017.^[71] The complementary ground network consists of around 300 LTE base stations constructed by Deutsche Telekom.^[72]

The European Aviation Network faces a number of legal challenges. This includes a challenge from Viasat alleging unfair bidding practices and a misuse of spectrum^[73] and a ruling by the Belgian telecommunications regulator revoking permission for the use of the ground network in Belgium.^[74]

Global Xpress Expansion[edit]

Inmarsat has ordered a fifth Global Xpress satellite from Thales Group. The satellite, planned for launch in 2019, has been described as a 'very high throughput satellite', and is expected to provide services to the Middle East, India and Europe.^[75] CEO Rupert Pearce has also indicated that Inmarsat is planning further expansion of the Global Xpress network in the future. Trials of new technologies have demonstrated bandwidths of 330 Mbit/s over the existing Global Xpress network, far in excess of the currently marketed 50 Mbit/s.^[76]

Inmarsat-6[edit]

At the end of 2015 Inmarsat ordered two sixth generation satellites from Airbus. These satellites will offer both Ka and L band payloads and will provide additional capacity to the existing BGAN and Global Xpress networks.^[77] In 2017 it was announced that the first of these satellites will be launched by MHI in 2020.^[78]

IRIS and ICE[edit]

Inmarsat is participating in two ESA ARTES programs, IRIS and ICE.

IRIS is a project to improve tracking of aircraft, and to improve communications between aircraft and air traffic controllers. Inmarsat will provide high capacity satellite communications links for aircraft, and improve detection of aircraft locations in time and space.^[79][80]

ICE (Inmarsat Communications Evolution) is a partnership with industrial partners intended to identify innovative technologies that can expand and enhance the capabilities of the next generation of satellite communications.^[81]

Issues[edit]

INMARSAT and Iridium frequency bands abut each other at 1626.5 MHz thus each satcom radio has the ability to interfere with the other. Usually, the far more powerful INMARSAT radio disrupts the Iridium radio up to 10–800 metres away.^[82]

See also[edit]

• Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS)

References[edit]

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71. ^'EuropaSat / HellasSat 3'. skyrocket.de. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
72. ^'How we did it: the European Aviation Network is one giant step closer'. Inmarsat Aviation. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
73. ^'In-flight WiFi battle over Europe takes off'. Financial Times.
74. ^'Belgian court punches hole in Inmarsat's European Aviation Network - SpaceNews.com'. 21 March 2018.
75. ^'Inmarsat orders fifth Global Xpress satellite from Thales Alenia Space - SpaceNews.com'. 2 June 2017.
76. ^'Inmarsat CEO hints at more advanced Global Xpress satellites - SpaceNews.com'. 7 March 2017.
77. ^'Inmarsat awards contract to airbus'. www.inmarsat.com.
78. ^'MHI launch first Inmarsat 6 satellite'. www.inmarsat.com.
79. ^esa. 'Satellite Communication for Air Traffic Management (Iris)'. www.esa.int.
80. ^'ESA Using Inmarsat for Iris to Open up the Skies - Avionics'. www.aviationtoday.com. 7 March 2018.
81. ^'ICE'. European Space Agency. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
82. ^'Inmarsat Interference Information'. Inmarsat. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2015.

External links[edit]

The Honeywell 6000 series computers were rebadged versions of General Electric's 600-series mainframes manufactured by Honeywell International, Inc. from 1970 to 1989. Honeywell acquired the line when it purchased GE's computer division in 1970 and continued to develop them under a variety of names for many years.^[1]

The high-end model was the 6080, with performance approximately 1 MIPS. Smaller models were the 6070, 6060, 6050, 6040, and 6030. In 1973 a low-end 6025 was introduced.^[2] The even-numbered models included an Enhanced Instruction Set feature (EIS), which added decimal arithmetic and storage-to-storage operations to the original word-oriented architecture.^[3]

In 1973 Honeywell introduced the 6180, a 6000-series machine with addressing modifications to support the Multics operating system. In 1974 Honeywell released the 68/80 which added cache memory in each processor and support for a large (2-8 million word) directly addressable memory.^[4] In 1975 the 6000-series systems were renamed as Level 66, which were slightly faster (to 1.2 MIPS) and offered larger memories. In 1977 the line was again renamed 66/DPS, and in 1979 to DPS-8, again with a small performance improvement to 1.7 MIPS.^[5] The Multics model was the DPS-8/M.^[6]

In 1989, Honeywell sold its computer division to the French company Groupe Bull who continued to market compatible machines.

• 2CPU

Hardware[edit]

6000-series systems were said to be 'memory oriented' — a system controller in each memory module arbitrated requests from other system components (processors, etc). Memory modules contained 128 K words of 1.2 μs 36-bitwords; a system could support one or two memory modules for a maximum of 256 K words (1 MB of 9-bit bytes). Each module provided two-way interleaved memory.

Devices called Input/Output Multiplexers (IOMs) served as intelligent I/O controllers for communication with most peripherals. The IOM supported two different types of peripheral channels: Common Peripheral Channels could handle data transfer rates up to 650,000 cps; Peripheral Subsystem Interface Channels allowed transfers up to 1.3 million cps.

The 6000 supported multiple processors and IOMs.^[7] Each processor and IOM had four ports for connection to memory; each memory module had eight ports for communication with other system components, with an interrupt cell for each port.^[8]

Memory protection and relocation was accomplished using a base and bounds register in the processor, the Base Address Register (BAR). The IOM was passed the contents of the BAR for each I/O request, allowing it to use virtual rather than physical addresses.

A variety of communications controllers could also be used with the system. The older DATANET-30 and the DATANET 305— intended for smaller systems with up to twelve terminals attached to an IOM.^[9] The DATANET 355 processor attached directly to the system controller in a memory module and was capable of supporting up to 200 terminals.

CPU[edit]

The CPU operated on 36-bit words,^[10] and addresses were 18 bits. The Accumulator Register (AQ) was 72 bits, or could be accessed separately as two 36-bit registers (A and Q) or four 18-bit registers (AU,AL,QU,QL). An eight-bit Exponent Register contained the exponent for floating point operations (the mantissa was in AQ). There were eight eighteen-bit index registers X0 through X7.^[11]

The 18-bit Base Address Register (BAR) contained the base address and number of 1024-word blocks assigned to the program (the 6180 used segmentation rather than the BAR). The system also included several special-purpose registers: an 18-bit Instruction Counter (IC) and a 27-bit Timer Register (TR) with a resolution of 2 μs. Sets of special registers were used for fault detection and debugging.

The EIS instruction set added eight additional 24-bit registers AR0 through AR7. These registers contained an 18-bit word address, a 2-bit address of a character within the word, and a 4-bit address of a bit within the character.

Instruction formats[edit]

The 6000-series machine's basic instruction set had more than 185 single-address one-word instructions.^[12] The basic instructions were one word. The addresses pointed to operand descriptors which contained the actual operand address and additional information.

• Y is the address field (18 bits).
• OP is the opcode (9 bits), the additional bit 27 is the opcode extension bit.
• I is the interrupt inhibit bit.
• Tag indicates the type of address modification to be performed.

The EIS instructions were two-word to four-word instructions depending on the specific instruction.

• Variable field contains information relating to the specific instruction.
• OP is the EIS opcode.
• I is the interrupt inhibit bit.
• MF1 describes the address modification to be performed for descriptor 1. If operands 2 and 3 are present the variable field contains MF2 and MF3.

Addressing modes[edit]

Multiple levels of indirect addressing were supported. Indirect addresses had the same format as instructions, and the address modification indicated by the tag field of the indirect address was performed at each level.^[13]

The tag field of the instruction consisted of a 3-bit tag modifier (tm) and a 4-bit tag designator (td).

• The tag modifier indicates the type of modification to be performed on the instruction address:
  • Register (R): Add the address field (Y) to the contents of the register indicated by the tag designator.
  • Register then indirect (RI): Perform the address modification as in Register modification, use the word at the effective address as an indirect address of the operand.
  • Indirect then register (IR): Obtain the indirect word from the address specified by Y, and perform the modification requested by the tag field of the indirect word. This may result in multiple levels of indirection. Perform the address modification specified by the instruction on the last indirect word encountered.
  • Indirect then tally (IT): Obtain the indirect word from the address specified by Y, then use the address in the indirect word as the effective address. Bits 30-35 of the indirect word contained a tally field which could be used for addressing characters within a word.

For modification types R, RI, and IR the tag designator contains a register to be used for indexing (X0-X7,AU,AL,QU,QL,IC). Other TD values indicated that Y should be used as an immediate operand. Direct addressing was a special case where Y was used as the operand address with no modification.

Data formats[edit]

Data was stored in big-endian format. Bits were numbered starting from 0 (most-significant) to 35 or 71 (least-significant).^[12]

• Binary fixed-point data was stored in twos-complement. Half-word (18-bits), word (36-bits) and double-word (72-bits) operands were supported. Multiply and divide instructions were provided which would treat the operand as a binary fraction rather than an integer.
• Binary floating-point data could be single precision (36 bits) or double precision (72 bits). In either case the exponent was eight bits, twos-complement binary. The mantissa was either 28 or 64 fits, twos-complement binary.
• Character data was either 6-bit BCD or 9-bit ASCII.

Peripherals[edit]

The following peripherals were available for the 6000-Series machines in 1971.^[9]

• Control console, attached to the IOM, was a printer-keyboard that operated at 15 characters per second (cps).
• DSS180 removable disk storage subsystem provided up to 18 drives using disks physically compatible with IBM 2316 disks used in the 2314.^[14] The disks were formatted to provide 384 six-bit characters per sector and 27,648,000 characters per pack. The average seek time was 34 milliseconds (ms) and data transfer rate was 416,000 cps.
• DSS190 removable disk storage subsystem provided up to 16 drives using disks compatible with IBM 3336-11 drives used in the 3330. The disks were formatted with variable-length sectors in multiples of 384 characters. One pack could hold up to 133,320,000 characters. The average access time was 30 ms and data transfer rate was 1,074,000 cps.
• DSS270 disk storage subsystem provided up to 20 modules of head-per-track disk. Capacity per module was 15.3 million characters. Average access time was 26 ms, and maximum transfer rate was 333,000 cps.
• DSS167 disk storage subsystem allowed up to eight online disk drives plus an offline spare. Per disk capacity was 15 million characters; average access time was 87.5 ms and data transfer rate was 208,000 cps.
• DSS170 removable disk storage subsystem allowed up to eight online disk drives plus an offline spare. Per disk capacity was 27.5 million characters; average access time was 72.5 ms and data transfer rate was 416,000 cps.
• Magnetic tape was available in a variety of models, all using open-reel ½ inch magnetic tape. Various models could read and write seven-track or nine-track tape with densities from 200 bits per inch (bpi) to 1600 bpi at rates of 37.5 inches per second (ips) to 150 ips. The maximum transfer rate was 266 characters per second (cps). All models connected to the system through the IOM.
• Line printers were the PRT300 train printer capable of printing at 1150 lines per minute (lpm) and the PRT201 at 1200 lpm.
• Punched card equipment consisted of the CRZ201 card reader capable of reading up to 900 80-column cards per minute (cpm) and the CPZ201 card punch which could punch up to 300 80-column cards per minute.

Software[edit]

The primary operating system for the line was the General Comprehensive Operating System (GCOS), which Honeywell originally inherited from General Electric's GECOS. In 1978 Honeywell introduced a rewritten version GCOS 8, which supported virtual memory. The Multics OS also ran on selected CPU models.^[15][16]

In 1974, Honeywell purchased Xerox Data Systems (XDS), and developed a work-alike of the Xerox operating system CP-V as CP-6 to run on DPS-8 systems in order to retain Xerox' loyal customer base.^[5]

References[edit]

1. ^JNC @ Gunkies.org (2017). 'Honeywell 6000 series'. The Honeywell 6000 series was a long-lived family of mainframes, in production from 1970 to 1989. They are probably best-known now for being the machines that Multics ran on for most of its life, after the initial period on a General Electric machine. They were descendants of the GE 600 series family; after GE's computer business was sold to Honeywell in 1966, the 6000 series were Honeywell's replacements.
2. ^'Honeywell puts the squeeze on big computer costs'. The Montreal Gazette. September 12, 1973. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
3. ^'Honeywell Series 6000'(PDF). Bitsavers.org. The Series 6000 systems employ a memory-oriented architecture.
4. ^https://ban.ai/multics/doc/MAC-PR-11-a004966.pdf - PROJECT MAC PROGRESS REPORT XI - page 107
5. ^ ^abBellec, Jean. 'from GECOS to GCOS8'. an history of Large Systems in GE, Honeywell, NEC and Bull. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
6. ^Thelen, Ed. 'Honeywell DPS8'. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
7. ^'New Scientist'. February 25, 1971. p. 425. Honeywell makes no secret of the fact that its new 6000 series evolved from ..
8. ^Honeywell (September 1, 1980). Large Systems Product Guide(PDF). p. Section 3.3.1, pg. 164.
9. ^ ^abHoneywell (1971). Series 6000 Summary Description(PDF).
10. ^'The Honeywell Years'.
11. ^'Honeywell DPS8 - Ed Thelen'. The Multics machine in this line was the Honeywell 6180 .. But all were . 8 index-register, A and Q register machines
12. ^ ^abHoneywell, Inc. (July 1974). GMAP Pocket Guide(PDF).
13. ^E. L. Burke (1974). 'Emulating a Honeywell 6180 Computer System'(PDF).
14. ^'70C 480 11_7209_Honeywell_Series_6000 11 7209 Honeywell'. DSS181 REMOVABLE DISK STORAGE SUBSYSTEM: Provides fairly rapid .. physically compatible with the IBM 2316 Disk Pack
15. ^'Multics history'.
16. ^'Multics features'.

Honeywell Dbm01 Scheme Pizza

External links[edit]

Honeywell Dbm 01 Scheme Pizza Oven